Tremors were observed in mice 30 minutes following 1 mg/kg AMB-FUBINACA in the present study. Pretreatment times and dose ranges for the drug discrimination assay were selected based on the time of peak depression in the locomotor activity assay in mice. Average potency of the discriminative stimulus effects of early compounds was 0.81±0.17 mg/kg (Gatch et al., 2014), whereas the potency of a recent set was 0.09±0.03 mg/kg (Gatch et al., 2018), and the potency of the current set is 0.05±0.01 mg/kg. Short-onset, short-acting compounds have a greater abuse liability, and long-acting compounds pose problems of long-acting adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. The duration of action of the synthetic cannabinoids tested using the 8-h protocol have varied widely, with some producing a duration of action no longer than 1 h, others producing a duration of action between 1–2 h, and others lasting more than 2 h. There seems to be a trend of newer synthetic cannabinoids being more potent than earlier compound

There is indication that at least some of the first-generation synthetic cannabinoids act at receptors other than cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 (Wiley et al., 2016), and a compound from the present study, 5F-MDMB-PINACA, was found to activate midbrain dopamine neurons, but not serotonin neurons (Asaoka et al., 2016

LC-QTOF-MS represents a significant advancement in the field of drug detection, offering higher sensitivity, specificity, and a broader spectrum of detectable substances. Despite all negative results in the point-of-care test for recreational drugs, the liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) analysis showed that the liquid of the e-cigarette contained ADB-BUTINACA, a synthetic cannabinoid. We report a 27-year-old man who was admitted to the emergency room because of sudden 4F ADB headache, nausea, vertigo, red eyes and palpitations. Synthetic cannabinoids are gaining popularity globally and detection is not commonly available.
Data availability
When clinical presentation and/or initial DOA testing results are inconclusive, additional testing with LC-QTOF-MS can be valuable and is recommended. SCRAs and other NPS may not be detected by point-of-care DOA tests. In this case, the point-of-care DOA urine screening was not able to detect the synthetic cannabinoid ADB-BUTINAC

Demographic and clinical features are recorded and blood and/or urine samples analysed using high-resolution accurate mass liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Second, we could not 4F ADB retrieve further detailed information about the e-cigarette that was used by the patient such as the label or the region of origin. Whether a recreational drug can be administered via vaping, depends on whether the drug becomes volatile under the evaporation temperature of the e-cigarette. Of these samples, 22 contained one or more SCRAs, THC was only detected in 11 samples, only one contained cannabidiol and 6 contained a mixture of THC and cannabidiol. There is difficulty in finding the right information about the NPS, defining their potency and confirmation of their existence in e-liquids or urine samples.
Data availabili

A limitation of this case report is that we did not have a urine sample available for additional NPS testing. Point-of-care DOA tests using urine to screen for misuse of multiple substances, regularly include cannabis, amphetamines, cocaine, opioids, benzodiazepines and methadone. THC, methamphetamine, SRCA, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and ketamine are likely to become volatile under the temperature of current e-cigarettes, while crack cocaine is hard to vaporise. A systematic review including data of 114 patients of which the majority was intoxicated due to SCRA smoking revealed that 45 % of the patients who present at the ER after an intoxication due to SCRA smoking recovered within 24 hours .
Data availability
Moreover, a study conducted in the United Kingdom investigated components of e-liquids in 112 samples originating from prisoners, teenagers and test purchases of commercially available e-cigarettes taken between 2014 and 2021 . This is the first case report that describes the toxicological symptoms of vaping ADB-BUTINACA. Results of the DOA test (including testing for amphetamines, methamphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cocaine, methadone, opioids, cannabis, tricyclic antidepressants) were available within 30 minutes and were all negative. We report a case of an involuntary intoxication of the SCRA ADB-BUTINACA after vaping. There are several pitfalls in the detection of SCRA in samples taken from the patien

§ (3) of the Hungarian act of Forensic Experts (2016.XXIX), the data of the reported case can be utilized freely for scientific and educational purposes without special ethical permission. These results indicate that the simultaneous intoxication of SCRA and ethanol directly and exclusively caused the death of the two victims. The victims did not have any significant diseases that could have contributed to the outcome. Very limited data are available in the scientific literature about the possible effects of the combined consumption of SCRAs and ethanol. Several case reports describe that the presence of a little ng/mL (0.37–4.1) of SCRAs and a high—but not lethal—concentration of ethanol (1.45–2.7 g/L) directly and exclusively contributed to the death of the victim [24–27] (Table 2). The fact that 4F-MDMB-BINACA was not detected in postmortem urine samples is partly explained by the high rate of hepatic metabolism of SCRAs [11, 14, 22], but also suggests that the victims consumed 4F-MDMB-BINACA shortly before their death